1、actual observed value
2、muf observed value
3、The residual value is the observed value at the center minus this average.
4、the difference between an observed value and the expected value of a variable or function.
5、In other words, an estimate is a specific observed value of a statistic.
6、The effect of atmospheric refraction error on observed value is a very thorny problem in EDM trigonometric leveling.
7、the relation between selected values of x and observed values of y (from which the most probable value of y can be predicted for any value of x).
8、Results show that the simulated drainage volume from the field ditch is extremely close to the observed value, and the relative error of annual drainage volume is only 0.4%;
