The iron credential, which the emperors award to their official's records or in important position, is a kind of authenticating object with the feature of oath of alliance.
This paper is divided into three parts to expound the oath of alliance of states in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Huangdi's Internal Classic is the foundation of basic Chinese medical theories. In a number of its chapters, the practice of "taking an oath of alliance" was recorded and approved.
