In Japan, the crime of bribery concerning public officers is ordained in criminal law while crimes of commercial bribery are included in accessory criminal law such as commercial law.
Cracking down on commercial bribery in medicine purchasing and selling has become a big task in China's economy.
The campaign against commercial bribery mainly targeted at construction projects, land transfers, property transactions, pharmaceutical sales, government procurement contracts as well as resources exploitation and sales.
The studies have shown that the social, institutional, psychological and market reasons why commercial bribery exists are the "worldly wisdom" in the traditional Chinese culture, too many monopolized trades in the country, the pursuit for maximized interests and imbalanced supply-demand relations.
