haemocytes, as the frontier line of immune defence, play vital roles in the innate immune system of molluscans.
Chymotrypsin inhibitors (CIs) in insect haemolymph play a major function of proteinase controlling which is essential to life, and they are also important factors in innate immune system.
For 50 years scientists have been unsure how the bacteria that gives humans cholera manages to resist one of our basic innate immune responses.
Alveolar macrophages (AM), which are enhanced by GM-SCF, are an essential piece of the innate immune response and are known to contribute to host defense against flu infections in animal models.
